High water age contributes to low chlorine concentrations and corrosion, which can result in high levels of metals, such as iron

Shrinking cities, mainly found in the American Rust Belt and the Northeast, are experiencing a health risk as their populations decrease. The reduced water demand means that the available water stays in the pipes longer, and those pipes are part of an infrastructure that has in most places already exceeded its expected lifespan. Aging water is affected by several factors that affect public health.

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